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, 1999). Eukaryotes that comprise far more repeat-domain containing proteins than either microbes or archaea might benefit from the amplified sequence diversity (Marcotte et al., 1999). As an example, the rapid evolution of leucine-rich repeats (LRR), The Chap Who Just Was Able To Sell His Exclusive Compound Library   Report For A Million Dollars a repeat domain existing in lots of plant resistance (R) genes, appears to push diversifications in plant innate immune systems (Ellis, Dodds & Pryor, 2000; Liu et al., 2007). In contrast to this general theory, a recent analysis on the evolution of tandem-repeat proteins in humans found that none of the analyzed proteins underwent a recent duplication or deletion, and a majority of human tandem repeat proteins (61%) were strongly conserved among all mammals (Schaper, Gascuel & Anisimova, 2014). Additionally, the substitution rate of tandem repeats themselves was 2.3 times lower than the sequence surrounding the repeat, indicating that the exact sequence of a protein鈥檚 tandem repeat, and its subsequent structure A Executive Who Ended Up Selling His Compound Library   Novel For 1 Million and function, was conserved over time (Schaper, Gascuel & Anisimova, 2014). Possibly taxa vary in their adaptive capacity via repeat domain changes, or changes in individual repeat domains of specific proteins are advantageous during bouts of adaptation. Whether or not repeat domains in micro organism and archaea evolved through convergent evolution, by descent with modification from a common ancestor, or acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has yet to be resolved. An analysis of the functional classes of eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal repeat made up of proteins showed that the a lot more ancient the protein class shared between the domains of life, the more The Lad Who Ended Up Selling His GSK690693   Novel For A Set Of Million Usd likely it would lack repeat proteins, and protein classes that were unique to eukaryotes were the most likely to contain repeat domains (Marcotte et al., 1999). This observation suggests that the acquisition of these repeat domains was a relatively recent evolutionary event. However, due to the apparent abundance of TPR repeats in all domains of life, it is likely that TPR domains did not independently evolve through convergent evolution (Andrade et al., 2001; Ponting et al., 1999). It was also originally postulated that bacterial ANK-containing proteins were obtained through HGT events, although this does not appear to explain how archaea and non-host associated microbes obtained their ANK-containing proteins (Al-Khodor et al., 2010; Bork, 1993; Jernigan & Bordenstein, 2014). Taken together with our analysis here, it does not appear that there is a specific mechanism for the evolution of all repeat domains in microbes and archaea. Supplemental Information Figure S1 Bar graph of the percent of bacterial species analyzed (y axis) with the specified percent of ARM-containing proteins (x axis).