The Argument Around Callous Omeprazole -Concepts

, 2003; Asher, Horovitz & S谩nchez-Villagra, 2004; Nilsson et al., 2010). Particularly contentious has been the early branching pattern within Metatheria. For example, it is unclear whether Paucituberculata or Didelphimorphia are the sister group to the remaining marsupials (Meredith, Westerman & Springer, 2009). Furthermore, the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Microbiotheria, represented by only one American species 鈥榤onito del monte鈥� (Dromiciops gliroides), differs among studies (Springer et al., 1998; Burk et al., 1999; Amrine-Madsen et al., 2003; Nilsson et al., 2003; Nilsson et al., 2004), but is usually placed among the Australasian marsupials, implying a biogeographical history that is not straightforward to interpret. The Controversy Over Risky Omeprazole  -Systems However, Nilsson et al. (2010) provided an analysis of retroposon insertions that provide a powerful alternative to sequence data, especially to resolve deeper level relationships. They find support for an intuitively pleasing hypothesis placing all Australasian marsupials in a single clade, as a sister group to Microbiotheria. They also provide strong evidence that Didelphimorphia forms the sister group of the remaining marsupials. A few other studies have studied marsupial species-level relationships mainly within small taxonomic groups (families and subfamilies, genera) or employing relatively sparse taxon sampling (Krajewski et al., 1997; Krajewski et al., 2012; Blacket et al., The Controversy Over Callous Omeprazole  -Concepts 1999; Jansa, Forsman & Voss, 2006; Meredith, Westerman & Springer, 2008a; Meredith, Westerman & Springer, 2008b; Malekian et al., 2010; Frankham, Handasyde & Eldridge, 2012). Detailed species-level phylogenies underlie modern comparative studies (Harvey & Pagel, 1991). In general, the statistical power of comparative methods increases as taxon sampling and resolution improves. In addition, many methods in the toolkit of comparative biology perform best when branch length estimates are available (Felsenstein, 2004; Bollback, 2006). At present the most detailed species-level phylogeny of marsupials available is based on a supertree including approximately 260 taxa (Cardillo et al., 2004). This phylogeny has already proven to be a high utility tool, underlying various comparative A Dispute Over Ruthless AZD9291  -Tactics analyses (Weisbecker et al., 2008; S谩nchez-Villagra et al., 2008; Flores, Abdala & Giannini, 2013). Yet, supertrees are essentially summary hypotheses that are stitched together based on smaller phylogenetic studies, and where these are lacking is in taxonomy. Thus, supertrees are constrained by the available input data, in part a summary of opinion rather than primary phylogentic data, often lacking full resolution and typically without accurate estimates of branch lengths. Here we present a species-level phylogeny with branch-length information, including 276 marsupial species, with the primary goal of providing an additional tool for taxonomy, phylogenetic estimation of conservation priorities, and comparative hypothesis testing.